Part B – steering and sailing rules

Section 1 – conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

RULE 4 - application

任何能見度的情況都要守section 1的法例

The rules apply in any condition of visibility (e.g., in sight or in restricted visibility).

Rule 4 – 10 在任何能見度下都要遵守

Rule 5 - look-out

所有時間都要保持觀察,全方位都要觀察

用眼,用耳,用電子儀器,radio, radar任何可用到的方法

作出海面情況的評價和碰撞的風險

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Rule 6 - safe speed

任何時間都要保持安全速度,船要能夠及時作出行動避開碰撞,或者有適合的stopping distance

安全速度根據以下情況決定:

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.

In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a)   所有船都要留意

(i)                 能見度

(ii)               交通密度, 包括漁船密度,或者其他船

(iii)             船的性能, 例如 stopping distance, turning ability

(iv)              背景燈光, 例如晚上船的燈,以及岸上的燈,會造成干擾

(v)                風,海,水流, 附近的危險

(vi)              水深以及你船的食水

(a) By all vessels:

(i) the state of visibility;

(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;

(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;

(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;

(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;

(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.

(b)   有雷達的船要注意以下:

(i)                 雷達的有效性,有限性,特性

(ii)               雷達的有效範圍

(iii)             天氣或海面情況對雷達的干擾

(iv)              小船,冰,其他浮物,可能不被雷達發現

(v)                雷達測到的船的數量,位置,移動

(vi)              使用了雷達,可以使你的能見度提高

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;

(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;

(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;

(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;

(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;

(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Rule 7 - risk of collision

(a)   要用任何方法去評估有沒有碰撞的風險,

如果有懷疑,就假設有碰撞的風險

(b)   如果有雷達就要用,例如用遠距離偵測,提早知道危險,

(c)    不要根據不充足的資訊作假設,例如不充份的雷達資訊.

(d)    

(i)                 如果有一隻船來緊,compass bearing 保持不變的話,就有風險(true bearing , relative bearing 也是不變)

(ii)               有時候bearing 轉變了,仍有風險,例如當接近一隻大船,距離太近,接近一組拖船.

Vessels must use all available means to determine the risk of a collision, including the use of radar (if available) to get early warning of the risk of collision by radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. (e.g. ARPA, AIS).

If the distance of any vessel is reducing and her compass bearing is not changing much or it is a large vessel or towing vessel at close distance, or if there is any doubt, then a risk of collision shall be deemed to exist.

Rule 8 - action to avoid collision

(a)   任何避開碰撞的行動都要根據part B 的rules

避開碰撞的行動要明確positive,沒有猶豫,而且要提早做,讓時間更充足.

(b)   如果情況允許, 改變速度和方向的幅度要大,讓對方清楚看到,或者讓對方雷達測到.

一連串小動作的改變是不好的

(c)    如果有充足空間,改變方向是最有效的,要留意改變方向不會又撞到其他船,

改變方向最有效因為船想減速是需要很長時間,可能半小時以上.

(d)   避開其他船,兩船之間要有一個安全的距離,一直檢查確保安全距離,直到兩船完全經過.

(e)   如果有需要,要減速,停船,退後,避開碰撞或者爭取更多時間作判斷.

(f)      

(i)                 A船有責任讓人,要提早作出行動去避,讓出更多空間sea room給B船去作反應.

(ii)               A船要提早避開, 讓出更多空間. 當兩船接近, 情況改變了, A船變成stand on vessel, A船仍然有避人的角色

(iii)             當有危險時,雖然B船沒有責任讓人,但也要作出行動避開

Actions taken to avoid collision should be:

Positive

Obvious

made in good time

Rule 9 - narrow channels

(a)   在narrow channel or fairway行駛,盡量貼緊自己的starboard side.即是水道的

外側.

(b)   sailing vessel或者短於20米的船,不可阻住只能在narrow channels or fairway

行駛的船.

(c)    Vessel engaged in fishing不要在narrow channel阻住其他船(在不阻住人的情況下可以捕魚)

(d)   可以橫越narrow channel or fairway,但不能阻住只能在narrow channel or fairway行駛的船. 只能在narrow channel or fairway行駛的船可以用sound signal in rule 34(d) 去提醒想橫越的船.

(e)    

(i)                 在narrow channel or fairway,要兩隻船有共識,才可以爬頭. Intend to overtake想爬頭的船用sound signal rule 34 c) i)

Be overtaken被爬頭的船同意就用sound signal rule 34 c) ii)

被爬頭的船有疑惑就用sound signal rule 34 d)

(ii)               爬頭者要跟rule 13 overtaking

(f)     在narrow channel or fairway, 有障礙物intervening obstruction,轉彎位bend,睇唔到其他船,要小心,要用sound signal rule 34e)

(g)   盡量不要在narrow channel拋錨

A vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to starboard.

Small vessels or sailing vessels must not impede (larger) vessels which can navigate only within a narrow channel.

Ships must not cross a channel if to do so would impede another vessel which can navigate only within that channel.

Rule 10 - traffic separation schemes

(a)   這條rule用於IMO採用的traffic separation schemes, 所有船都要遵守

(b)   traffic separation scheme 的使用者要:

(i)                 要用適當的traffic lane行,要跟返traffic lane方向

(ii)     要遠離keep clear traffic separation line or separation zone,

(iii)             一般在lane的termination加入lane或離開lane.

但如果中途join or leave時的角度要小

(c)    盡量不要橫越航道,如果一定要橫越,要跟航道直角地橫越

(d)    

(i)                 能夠用traffic lane的船,不能用近岸航行區inshore traffic zone

短於20米的船, sailing vessel, vessel engaged in fishing可以用inshore traffic zone.

(ii)               不管(d)(i) , 如果要用inshore traffic zone的設施(port, offshore structure, pilot station),或者避開危險,就可以用inshore traffic zone

(e)   除了橫越航道crossing, 加入或離開航道, 其他情況都不能進入separation zone和cross the separation line.

除了

(i)                 為了避開危險.

(ii)               為了在separation zone捕魚.

(f) 在lane的termination要提高警覺 (因為termination通常有很多船 )

(g) 盡量不要在lane,和termination 拋錨

(h) 不使用traffic separation scheme的船,盡量遠離航道.

(i) vessel engaged in fishing不要阻住航道中行駛的船.

(j) 短於20米的船,或者sailing vessel,不要阻住power-driven vessel在航道行.

(k) 有些船在航道中維持跌序maintain safety of navigation,當這些船因為工作而restricted in ability to manoeuvre,可以不守這條法例

(l) 有些船在航道中整海底電纜submarine cable, restricted in ability to manoeuvre,可以不守這條法例.

Ships must cross traffic lanes steering a course "as nearly as practicable" at right angles to the direction of traffic. This reduces confusion and enables that vessel to cross the lane as quickly as possible.

Vessel entering a traffic separation scheme should do it at an angle as small as practicable.

A traffic separation scheme does not relieve any vessel from complying with other rules.

 

Section 2 – conduct of vessels in sight of one another

Rule 11 - application

當兩隻船互相看見,就要守section 2的rules,即是rule11-18

當A船看到B船,就代表B船也看到A船,如果B船看不到A船,是B船的問題(根據rule 1)

The following rules 11–18 applies to vessels in sight of one another

Rule 12 - sailing vessels

(a)    當2隻sailing vessels 快要有碰撞的風險

(i)                 一隻船port side食風, 一隻船starboard side食風, vessels are on different tack, port side食風者(port tack)要讓路, 轉向starboard.

(ii)               2隻船都是同一邊食風, vessels on same tack . windward vessel 要讓路, windward 即是上風,上風即是較接近風源,leeward是下風.

(iii)             你是port tack, 遇到另一隻船B, B是windward vessel, 但你不知道B船是port tack 還是starboard tack(例如是在晚上看不清), 如果對方也是port tack,對方是上風,所以對方要讓, 如果對方是starboard tack,你要讓, 如果你看不清楚,你要讓.

(b)    當個帆mainsail 被吹向port side, 即是starboard side食風,即是starboard tack

Two sailing vessels approaching one another must give-way as follows:

Port gives way to starboard. When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind to port must give way;

Windward gives way to leeward. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is windward must give way to the vessel which is leeward;

Unsure port gives way. If a vessel, with the wind on the port side, sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, they must give way.

 

Rule 13 - overtaking

(a)   不管part B section 1 and 2, 只要想overtake other vessel,一定要主動keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken

(b)   Overtaking 的定義, a船在b船的22.5 degrees abaft beam, 在晚上,a船只能看到b船的sternlight,但看不到sidelights.

(c)    如果你不清楚自己是不是正在overtaking 他人, 就假設你是在overtaking 他人

(d)   如果a船從b船的starboard side overtake, 當a船行超過22.5degrees abaft beam, 這個情況跟crossing是一樣的, 但不能當做是crossing. A船仍然要避人.

An overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. "Overtaking" means approaching another vessel at more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, i.e., so that at night, the overtaking vessel would see only the stern light and neither of the sidelights of the vessel being overtaken

 

Rule 14 - head-on situation

(a)   2隻power-driven 船面對面meeting on reciprocal course, 有相撞的風險,兩隻船都轉自己的starboard side. Passing port to port即是各自轉starboard.

(b)   當你看到對方船頭see the other ahead, 在晚上,看到對方的masthead lights 成一直線, 你同時看到對方2個sidelights, 就是head-on situation

(c)    如果懷疑這是不是head-on situation,就當做是,然後作出行動

When two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on both must alter course to starboard so that they pass on the port side of the other. "Head-on" means seeing the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead so that by night her masthead lights are actually or nearly lined up and/or seeing both her sidelights, or by day seeing a similar aspect of her

Rule 15 - crossing situation

兩隻power-driven 船在crossing, 有撞的風險

The vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way.

在crossing situation, 望向你的starboard side,如果見到人地的red light,就是你的責任去讓路

不要在別人的船頭過,從船尾過avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel if the circumstances of the case admit.

Crossing 定義,只看到對方一個sidelight, 看不到sternlight.

When two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on the starboard side must give way and avoid crossing ahead of her

 

Rule 16 - action by give-way vessel

Give-way vessel 即是要讓人的船,動作要大,要提早作出行動

Give-way vessel=vessel keeps out of the way of another vessel.

Take action early , take substantial action.

The give-way vessel must take early and substantial action to keep well clear

Rule 17 - action by stand-on vessel

(a)    

(i)                 一隻船負責避人,另一隻船就是stand-on vessel keep her course and speed.

(ii)               如果give-way vessel沒有作出行動讓路, stand-on vessel要作出行動避開.

(b)   當give-way vessel 作出行動避開,但還是不夠,風險還存在, stand-on vessel也要作出行動

(c)    在crossing的情況下, give-way vessel 如果沒有作出行動,根據(a)(ii) , stand-on vessel 要讓, 如果情況許可,盡量不要轉port side,因為give-way vessel 就在你的port side.

(d)   這條rule 沒有relieve the obligation of give-way vessel.

The stand-on vessel shall maintain her course and speed, but she may take action to avoid collision if it becomes clear that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action, or when so close that collision can no longer be avoided by the actions of the give-way vessel alone. In a crossing situation, the stand-on vessel should avoid turning to port even if the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. These options for the stand-on vessel do not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligations under the rules

Rule 18 – responsibilities between vessels

除了rule 9narrow channels ,10traffic separation scheme, 13overtaking , 其他情況都要根據以下次序去讓路

(a)   Power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i)                 Vessel not under command

(ii)               Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre

(iii)             Vessel engaged in fishing

(iv)              Sailing vessel

(b)   Sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i)                 Vessel not under command

(ii)               Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre

(iii)             Vessel engaged in fishing

(c)    Vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i)                 Vessel not under command

(ii)               Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre

(d)    

(i)                 除了vessel not under command, vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. 其他所有船都要avoid impeding the safe passage of vessel constrained by her draught exhibiting signals in rule 28

(ii)               Vessel constrained by her draught 要特別小心行駛

(e)   Seaplane on water 要避開所有vessel, seaplane 要根據這一part即是part b的rule 去take action 避野

(f)      

(i)                 WIG craft when taking off, landing ,in flight near water surface, 要避所有船

(ii)               WIG craft 要根據這part的rules去避野

Section 3 - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility.

Rule 19 - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

(a)      這條rule 用於restricted visibility, 兩隻船都看不到對方

(b)      所有船都要用在restricted visibility的情況下的safe speed. Power-driven vessel要開動engine, ready for action

(c)      當遵守這一part的section 1(conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

)時,因為是restricted visibility,所以要更留心

(d)      用radar測到有risk of collision, 然後作出action,要留意以下:

(i)                 除了你想overtake人地,可以轉port去overtake人. 其他情況,如果有vessel forward of beam,即是在你的前方, avoid alteration of course to port.

(ii)               有vessel abeam or abaft the beam, 即有船在你的旁邊,或側後方, avoid alteration of course towards the vessel. (因為他可能正在overtake 你)

(e)      除非你肯定沒有risk of collision, 如果你聽到前面有fog signal of another vessel, 又或者有close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of your beam 避開不到, 就要reduce speed to minimum at which she can be kept on her course. 如果有需要,停下船take all her way off. 直到danger of collision is over.

(a) Rule 19 applies to vessels (not in sight of one another) in or near restricted visibility.

(b) All ships shall proceed at a safe speed for the condition of visibility (see Rule 6). A power-driven vessel shall have her engine(s) on stand-by for immediate maneuver.

(c) All ships shall comply with Section I of this Part e.g., Rules 5 (lookout), 6 (safe speed), 7 (risk of collision), 8 (action to avoid collisions), 9 (narrow channels), and 10 (TSS) with due regard for the visibility conditions.

(d) If another vessel is detected by radar alone, and a close-quarters or collision risk is suspected, a vessel should take early and substantial action to avoid the other, but:

(i) avoid any turn to port for a vessel detected forward of the beam, except for a vessel being overtaken,

(ii) avoid any change of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.

When the fog signal of another vessel is heard, apparently forward of the beam, a vessel should reduce speed to the minimum at which she can maintain her course, or if necessary stop, and navigate with extreme caution until there is no risk of collision